Industrialization in Europe and North America vs. that of Japan

Europe

-used steam-powered businesses

-city growth equaled and exceeded army growth as a result of industrialization

-majority of Europe switched from agriculture to industry

-depended on coal and iron

-class divisions tended to prevent bosses and workers from developing close partnerships

North America

 USA

-produced raw materials

-high incomes, so more money for investment

-relatively small population, so machinery could make up for labor shortage

-high taxes designed to encourage native industry

 Canada

-became agricultural country rather than industrial one

-less than half of population worked in manufacturing

Japan

-focused on army and navy

-major exports included buttons, cotton textiles, raw silk, and tea

-exploited women for labor to reduce labor costs

-government helped finance industry establishment

-state and industrialists worked together to prioritize strength for war and hold back domestic demand

-cared about long-term success over short-term profits

-regulated consumption for moral reasons rather than because of supply and demand

-firms had strong corporate identities